Mina Mar Group

Special purpose vehicle/entity (SPV/SPE) is separate legal entity created by an  organization for specific, often narrow and temporary purpose, typically to isolate company from financial risk, including bankruptcy.It can be understood as subsidiary of larger company but it has its own assets and liabilities. There are several uses of special purpose vehicles. Because every project carries certain amount of risk parent company will use SPV to shield itself from risk in a legal way. This way companies can execute large financial projects without putting the whole firm at risk. Securitization of loan is another common usage of SPVs. It is used when banks that issue mortgage-backed securities whose payment comes from pool of loans. In order to ensure that investors in mortgage-back securities are payed first bank will establish SPV, separating it from other obligations and giving it a priority in payment. Management of assets with exceptionally complex financial ...

Preferred stock, also know as preferred or preference shares is one of the main types of stock besides common shares. It is considered that preferred stock is a hybrid security that combines properties of debt (fixed dividends) and equity (potential to raise in price). They are distinct from common shares because they don't have voting rights but have higher claim on company's assets and earnings. Terms of preferred stock are described in issuing document; they can be issued under any set of terms that is compliant to laws and regulations. Preference in dividends is what distinguish preferred  from common stock. Board of directors makes decision whether or not company will pay dividends to its shareholders. Dividends are specified as percentage of the par value or as a fixed amount. Common shareholders can receive dividends only if preferred shareholders are already paid in full if board decides to pay them dividends in the first place. This makes them similar to bonds...

A stock is a type of security that signifies peace of ownership in a corporation an represents a claim on a part of the corporation's assets and earnings. There two main types of shares: common shares and preferred shares. There are clear distinction between two types of shares, primarily based on voting rights and dividend payments. Common shares are also know as ordinary shares, voting shares or equity shares. First ever common stock was established in 1602 by Dutch East India Company and introduced on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange.  During initial public offering company offers shares for sale and in that way sells part of the company in order to raise capital. Underwriter helps company to determine type and pricing of offered securities. After IPO company's shares become publicly traded and company can issue new stock. Percentage of shareholders' ownership is determined by the number of shares in his possession, which are some percentage of total number of out...

When you start your business you are so concentrated on growing and expending your business that you forget to consider the downsides of business cycles. Business cycles are sequences of economic activity that is characterized by four phases: recession, recovery, growth and decline that repeat themselves.Decline or downturn makes the end of growth period in the business cycle. It is characterized by decreased levels of consumer and reduced production. Maybe you missed to devise downturn business cycle management strategy and found yourself trapped in a situation where your creditors are hounding.  Toxic financing can demolish your life's work and erode your shareholder value. It happens when financier can convert preferred shares and convertible stock into common stock that they sell on the market in order to be repaid and earn a profit on investment. The formula for the conversion is structured so that there is no downside limit on the price received for converted ...

Bankruptcy happens when business is unable to pay its debts and creditors. Business can file with federal bankruptcy court  for protection, usually under chapter 7 or chapter 11. In the United States bankruptcy is governed by federal law commonly referred to as the "Bankruptcy Code". Bankruptcy cases are filed in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court and federal law govern procedure in bankruptcy cases but state laws are often applied to determine how bankruptcy affect property rights and debtors. Two major types of bankruptcy are Chapter 7 and Chapter 11. Chapter 7 happens when company ceases all of its operation and goes completely out of business. A trustee is appointed to sell (liquidate) company's assets in order to pay off its debt. Debts are payed off according  to absolute priority. It is rule that secured claims are paid before junior claims are paid. In that order secured creditors are paid first, then bondholders and in the end shareholders. In other words, invest...